• Modulus of a Counter: The modulus of a counter is the number of states it can count before it resets to its initial state.
• Flip-Flops: These are basic digital circuits that can store one bit of information.

To determine the minimum number of flip-flops required, we need to find the smallest integer ‘n’ such that:

2ⁿ >= 490

By calculating powers of 2, we find that:

• 2⁸ = 256
• 2⁹ = 512

Since 512 is the smallest power of 2 greater than 490, we need 9 flip-flops to design a divide-by-490 counter.